Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Hepatitis C , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects , Antiviral Agents/adverse effects , Hepacivirus/genetics , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens , Hepatitis B virus/physiology , Hepatitis C/diagnosis , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Humans , Virus ActivationABSTRACT
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that can regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. Both human lncRNAs and lncRNAs encoded by viruses can modulate the expression of host genes which are critical for viral replication, latency, activation of signalling pathways, cytokine and chemokine production, RNAi processing, expression of interferons (IFNs) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Studies on lncRNAs as key regulators of host-virus interactions may give new insights into therapeutic strategies for the treatment of related diseases. This current review focuses on the role of lncRNAs, and their interactions with respiratory viruses including influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Influenza A virus , RNA, Long Noncoding , Humans , Influenza A virus/genetics , Interferons/genetics , RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics , RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , Virus ReplicationABSTRACT
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of respiratory viruses which can cause mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections. Recently, new coronavirus named as Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified which is a major threat to public health. Innate immune responses play a vital role in a host's defence against viruses. Interestingly, CoVs have evolved elaborate strategies to evade the complex system of sensors and signalling molecules to suppress host immunity. SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro), as an important coronavirus enzyme, regulates viral spread and innate immune responses. SCoV-2 PLpro is multifunctional enzyme with deubiquitinating (DUB) and deISGylating activity. The PLpro can interact with key regulators in signalling pathways such as STING, NF-κB, cytokine production, MAPK and TGF-ß and hijack those to block the immune responses. Therefore, the PLpro can be as an important target for the treatment of COVID-19. Until now, several drugs or compounds have been identified that can inhibit PLpro activity. Here we discuss about the dysregulation effects of PLpro on immune system and drugs that have potential inhibitors for SCoV-2 PLpro.